Mass Media in Great Britain Essay

The media play a central role in Britains daily life, informing and educating, questioning and challenging and of tier entertaining. In recent years the availability of more radio frequencies, together with satellite, telephone circuit and microwave transmissions, has already made a greater number of local, case and international services possible. The transition from analogue to digital transmission technology is in a flash expanding this capacity enormously. The Internet is providing, increasingly, an additional medium for information, entertainment and communication.Television and receiving setBroadcasting in Britain has traditionally been ground on the principle that it is a humankind service accountable to people. While retaining the essential public service element, it now also embraces the principles of competition and choice the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), which broadcasts television and radio programmes the ITC (Independent Television Commission), whic h licenses and regulates commercial television services, including cable and satellite services. the Radio Authority, which licenses and regulates commercial radio services, including cable and satellite.The three bodies work to broad requirements and objectives defined and endorsed by Parliament, but are otherwise independent in their daily conduct of business.Television viewing is by far Britains most popular leisure pastime all over 97 per cent of households have at least one TV set. British television productions are sold world wide.BBCThe BBC provides two backupary national terrestrial television networks BBC 1 and BBC 2, which transmit 24 hours a day. It also provides a range of digital convey, including BBC News 24 and BBC Choice. BBC Network Radio serves an audience of 29 each week, transmitting 24 hours a day on its quintuplet national networks. BBC has 39 local radio stations serving England and the Channel Islands, and regional and community radio services in Scotlan d, Wales and Northern Ireland. BBC World gain broadcasts by radio in English and 42 other languages world wide. It has a global weekly audience of at least 140 million listeners. BBC universal Television is responsible for the BBCs commercial television activity. It is one of Europes largest exporters of television programmes. It also runs an advertiser funded, 24 hour international news and information channel and an entertainment and drama channel broadcast to subscribers in continental Europe and Africa.The BBCs domestic services are financed preponderantly from the sale of annual television licences there are no remunerative advertisements. BBC World Service radio is funded by a government grant, while BBC Worldwide Television is self financing.Independent TelevisionThe ITC licenses and regulates three commercial television services Channel 3 and Channel 4 (in Wales the corresponding service is S4C), which complement each other, and Channel 5 all financed by advertizem ent and sponsorship. Channel 3 programmes are supplied by 15 regionally based licensees and an additional licensee providing a national breakfast time service. Licences for Channel 3 and 5 are awarded for a ten year period by competitive tender to the highest bidder who has passed a quality threshold.Independent RadioIndependent radio programme companies operate downstairs licence to the Radio Authority and are financed mainly by advertising revenue. There are three independent national services Classic FM, broadcasting mainly classical music Virgin 1215, playing broad based rock music and Talk Radio UK,speech based service. About 200 independent local radio services are also in operation. Stations supply local news and information, sport, music and other entertainment, education and consumer advice.Teletext, line of credit and Satellite ServicesThe BBC and independent television both operate a Teletext service, under which information is displayed as pages of text and graphic s on receivers equipped with the necessary decoders.Cable services are delivered through underground cables and are paid for subscription. Cable franchises have been granted covering areas comprising 83 per cent of all homes and nearly all urban areas in Britain. In mid 1999 there were almost 12.1 million homes able to receive such services, and 3 million subscribing homes. Digital technology is being introduced which will support up to 500 television channels. Cable also has the capacity for computer based interactive services, such as home shopping and email.Many British based satellite television channels have been set up to supply programmes to cable operators and viewers with satellite dishes. Some offer general entertainment, while others concentrate on specific areas of interest, such as sport, music, childrens programmes and feature films. The largest satellite programmer is BSkyB (British Sky Broadcasting) which, with around 7 million subscribers, dominates paid for t elevision in Britain. It launched its digital satellite service in 1998, carrying more than 140 channels.Satellite television and cable services are funded mainly by subscription income.The PressNational newspapers have an average summation circulation of over 13 million on weekdays and about 14 million on Sundays, although the total readership is considerably greater. There are 10 national sunup daily papers and 10national Sundays five qualities, two mid market and three populars. There are about 1,350 regional and local newspapers, and over 7,000 periodical publications.There is no state control or censorship of the newspaper and periodical press, which caters for a range of political views, interests and level of education. Where they express marked views and show obvious political leanings in their editorial comments, these may derive from proprietorial and other non party influences.A non statutory Press Complaints Commission deals with complaints by members of the publi c about the content and conduct of newspapers and magazines, and advises editors and journalists. In 1995, the Government rejected proposals for statutory regulation of the press and for legislation to give protection to privacy. Instead, it endorsed self regulation under the Commission and recommended tougher measures to make self regulation more effective.Working practices throughout the newspaper industry have become more efficient with the widespread utilise of advanced computer based technology. Publishers have been able to reduce production costs by using computer systems for editing and production processes.